The Resurgence of Measles: Understanding the Risks and the Importance of Vaccination

Measles, a highly contagious and potentially deadly virus, was once a major public health concern in the United States, infecting millions and claiming hundreds of lives annually before the introduction of the vaccine in 1963. Today, as vaccination rates decline, measles is making a troubling comeback, with the first measles death in over a decade highlighting the growing risks, particularly for children. This resurgence serves as a stark reminder of the importance of vaccination and the need to address misconceptions about vaccine safety and efficacy.

What Is Measles, and How Does It Spread?

Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), one in nine people exposed to the virus will become infected if they lack immunity, either through previous infection or vaccination. Early symptoms, which appear one to two weeks after exposure, resemble those of common respiratory illnesses, including high fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes, and white spots in the mouth. A distinct red rash typically emerges three to five days later, starting on the face and spreading downward. Dr. Ari Brown, a pediatrician in Austin, Texas, notes that measles can initially mimic other illnesses, making it difficult to diagnose and particularly dangerous.

Vaccination: The Best Defense Against Measles

The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is the most effective way to prevent measles. The CDC recommends that all children receive two doses of the MMR vaccine—the first between 12 and 15 months of age and the second between 4 and 6 years old. In some cases, such as during outbreaks or for children traveling to high-risk areas, the vaccine can be administered to infants as young as 6 months old. A second dose can be given as soon as 28 days after the first. Dr. Lara Johnson, a pediatrician and chief medical officer at Covenant Children’s and Covenant Health in Lubbock, Texas, emphasizes that catching up on missed vaccinations is crucial, especially during outbreaks. For most people vaccinated as children, no additional doses are needed. However, adults who received only one dose or those vaccinated in the 1960s may benefit from an additional shot. There is no harm in receiving an extra dose of the MMR vaccine, and individuals unsure of their vaccination status should consult their healthcare provider.

The Effectiveness of the Measles Vaccine

While no vaccine offers 100% protection, the MMR vaccine is highly effective. One dose provides 93% protection against measles, and two doses increase efficacy to 97%. This means that 3 out of 100 vaccinated individuals may still contract the virus if exposed, but their symptoms are typically less severe than those in unvaccinated individuals. The CDC also notes that people born before 1957 are considered immune, as measles was widespread at the time, and nearly everyone was infected during childhood. Booster shots are not routinely recommended for most adults, but those living in high-risk areas should discuss their needs with their doctor.

Measles and Pregnancy: Special Precautions

Pregnant women are among the most vulnerable to measles, as the virus can lead to miscarriage, preterm birth, and low birth weight. However, the MMR vaccine, which contains live viruses, is not recommended during pregnancy. If a pregnant person is exposed to measles, they should seek medical advice within six days to determine if post-exposure prophylaxis with measles immunoglobulin—a treatment involving antibodies that reduce illness severity—is necessary. This underscores the importance of ensuring that women of childbearing age are fully vaccinated before becoming pregnant.

The Dangers of Measles: Why Vaccination Matters

Measles is far more than a harmless childhood illness. It can lead to severe complications, including pneumonia, brain swelling, hearing loss, and even death. Before the widespread use of the measles vaccine, the CDC estimates that 3 to 4 million people were infected annually in the U.S., resulting in 400 to 500 deaths. Today, the risk of complications remains, as seen in the recent Texas outbreak. One of the most devastating, though rare, complications is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a fatal condition that can develop years after measles infection, causing progressive brain damage. There is no specific treatment for measles, making prevention through vaccination the only reliable way to avoid these outcomes.

Conclusion: Protecting Ourselves, Our Children, and Our Communities

The resurgence of measles serves as a wake-up call, reminding us that vaccines are our most powerful tool against preventable diseases. Dr. Summer Davies, a pediatrician treating hospitalized measles patients in Texas, stresses that the MMR vaccine is highly effective and safe, offering the best protection for individuals, children, and communities. She urges everyone to get vaccinated, even if they are not personally concerned about contracting the virus. As Dr. Lara Johnson notes, measles may seem like a relic of the past, but without continued vaccination efforts, it could once again become a present and future threat. By staying informed, addressing vaccine hesitancy, and ensuring high vaccination rates, we can prevent measles from reclaiming its place as a major public health crisis.