Japan’s Journey Toward Cryptocurrency ETFs: A Comprehensive Overview

Opening the Door to Crypto Investment

Japan is embarking on an ambitious regulatory journey that could fundamentally transform how its citizens invest in cryptocurrencies. By 2028, the country plans to introduce cryptocurrency exchange-traded funds (ETFs) through a carefully orchestrated series of legal reforms and tax policy changes. This development represents a significant shift in Japan’s approach to digital assets, potentially opening the floodgates for both everyday investors and large institutions to participate in the crypto market through familiar, regulated channels. Unlike the current landscape where Japanese investors must navigate the complex world of cryptocurrency exchanges, manage private keys, and deal with digital wallets—a process that has proven intimidating and time-consuming for many—crypto ETFs would allow people to access digital assets through their regular securities accounts. This streamlined approach mirrors how investors currently purchase stocks or traditional ETFs, removing the technical barriers that have kept many Japanese investors on the sidelines of the cryptocurrency revolution. The timing places Japan several years behind pioneers like the United States and Hong Kong, where Bitcoin ETFs have already gained substantial traction and attracted billions in investment from pension funds, university endowments, and sovereign wealth funds.

Building Credibility in a Skeptical Market

One of the most significant obstacles facing cryptocurrency adoption in Japan hasn’t been technological—it’s been a matter of trust and credibility. Motoyuki Azuma, a director at Convano Consulting, articulated what many in the industry have long understood: traditional Japanese investors remain deeply skeptical of cryptocurrency holdings. When businesses attempt to explain Bitcoin investments to their stakeholders, they often encounter resistance and scrutiny that wouldn’t apply to conventional assets. ETFs offer a solution to this credibility gap by wrapping cryptocurrency in the familiar packaging of regulated financial products. This transformation makes crypto holdings appear more official, legitimate, and easier to justify to conservative investors who might otherwise dismiss digital assets as speculative or frivolous. The demand for such products is clearly present—a 2024 survey conducted by Laser Digital Holdings, which operates under the prestigious Nomura Holdings umbrella, revealed that 54% of institutional investors intend to add cryptocurrency to their portfolios within the next three years. This statistic suggests substantial pent-up demand waiting for the right regulatory framework to emerge. However, the current economic environment in Japan, characterized by persistent inflation and a weakening yen, has made short-term cryptocurrency strategies increasingly difficult to execute. For investors seeking long-term alternative asset allocations rather than quick trading profits, regulated crypto ETFs represent a far more practical and accessible solution than the current options available.

Navigating Complex Regulatory Requirements

The path to crypto ETFs in Japan is paved with regulatory hurdles that must be cleared before these products can reach the market. Any proposed crypto ETF will require approval from the Tokyo Stock Exchange, Japan’s premier securities marketplace, which maintains rigorous standards for listed products. Additionally, lawmakers must amend the Investment Trust Act to explicitly include cryptocurrency among the “specified assets” that investment trusts are legally permitted to hold—a change that requires legislative action and careful consideration of investor protection implications. Once these legal foundations are established, investors would theoretically be able to gain cryptocurrency exposure through the same securities accounts they already use for stocks and bonds, dramatically simplifying the investment process. However, some industry observers, including Azuma, have expressed frustration with the 2028 timeline, viewing it as unnecessarily conservative and delayed. The extended timeframe appears designed to give both cryptocurrency exchanges and the Tokyo Stock Exchange ample time to upgrade their technological infrastructure, operational procedures, and compliance frameworks to handle these novel products. This cautious approach reflects Japan’s regulatory philosophy of prioritizing stability and investor protection over rapid innovation, even if it means lagging behind more aggressive jurisdictions. The deliberate pace also allows time for industry standards to emerge around critical issues like custody arrangements, reporting requirements, and crisis management protocols.

Learning from Past Security Failures

Japanese regulators’ cautious stance toward cryptocurrency ETFs isn’t arbitrary—it’s informed by painful recent history. The country has experienced several high-profile security breaches at cryptocurrency exchanges, incidents that have reinforced regulatory skepticism and shaped the current conservative approach. The most notable recent example occurred in 2024 when the DMM exchange suffered a catastrophic theft of 48.2 billion yen (approximately $306 million) in Bitcoin, an incident believed to be the work of the TraderTraitor operation linked to North Korea’s notorious Lazarus Group. Such breaches underscore the unique security challenges that cryptocurrency presents compared to traditional financial assets. In response to these vulnerabilities, Japanese financial authorities are insisting on stringent custody controls, rigorous asset segregation protocols, and comprehensive investor protection measures before approving crypto ETFs. These requirements go beyond what’s typically required for conventional investment products, reflecting the reality that digital assets face threat vectors—particularly from state-sponsored cybercriminal groups—that traditional securities do not. The regulatory framework being developed aims to ensure that when crypto ETFs finally launch, they won’t become targets for hackers or expose investors to the kinds of losses that have plagued standalone cryptocurrency exchanges. This security-first approach may slow the rollout, but it’s designed to build a foundation of trust that will be essential for long-term market development and mainstream adoption.

A Legal Revolution in Digital Asset Classification

The foundation for Japan’s crypto ETF market rests on a fundamental reclassification of digital assets within the country’s legal framework. The Financial Services Agency (FSA) plans to officially recognize cryptocurrencies as financial instruments under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act (FIEA) by 2026, a change that represents a paradigm shift in how these assets are regulated and understood. Currently, cryptocurrencies occupy an awkward legal position in Japan, classified merely as a “means of payment” rather than as investment securities. This classification has significant consequences, particularly regarding taxation—crypto gains are currently taxed as “miscellaneous income” at rates that can reach as high as 55%, making cryptocurrency investment far less attractive than comparable investments in stocks or traditional funds. The government’s 2026 tax reform plan addresses this imbalance by introducing a flat 20% tax rate for certain cryptocurrency transactions, bringing them into alignment with the taxation of stocks and investment trusts. This change alone is expected to dramatically lower the barriers for both individual and institutional investors, making cryptocurrency investment economically viable for a much broader segment of the population. Industry analysts project that once the regulatory approval process is complete, Japan’s crypto ETF market could grow to approximately 1 trillion yen ($6.5 billion) in managed assets, a substantial market that reflects both Japan’s wealth and its citizens’ appetite for investment opportunities. This legal transformation from “means of payment” to “financial instrument” doesn’t just change tax treatment—it fundamentally alters how cryptocurrencies are perceived, regulated, marketed, and integrated into the broader financial system.

Major Players and the Road Ahead

Japan’s largest financial institutions aren’t waiting idly for regulatory approval—they’re actively preparing cryptocurrency ETF products to launch as soon as the legal framework permits. Major players including Nomura Asset Management, SBI Global Asset Management, Daiwa Asset Management, and subsidiaries of Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group are all developing or studying crypto ETF offerings, positioning themselves to capture market share in what they anticipate will be a significant new product category. SBI Holdings has been particularly aggressive, announcing plans to launch Japan’s first crypto ETF with an innovative structure that tracks both Bitcoin and XRP. The company has already designed a mixed investment trust product awaiting regulatory approval, with a strategic allocation of 51% to gold-based ETFs and 49% to Bitcoin ETFs, blending traditional safe-haven assets with cryptocurrency exposure. SBI’s second planned product will focus exclusively on Bitcoin and XRP, which the company intends to list on the Tokyo Stock Exchange once regulatory approval is secured. Tomohiko Kondo, President and CEO of SBI’s cryptocurrency subsidiary SBI VC Trade, told business leaders in January 2025 that the cryptocurrency market has evolved far beyond simple buying and selling, with investors now able to generate returns through sophisticated strategies including funding income, hedging techniques, and options transactions that reduce dependence on cryptocurrency price volatility. However, despite this institutional enthusiasm and preparation, senior executives at these firms are tempering expectations about how quickly products will actually reach the market. Nomura Holdings Senior Managing Director Hajime Ikeda has cautioned that the 2026 legal changes won’t immediately translate into available products, noting that ETFs are too important to rush without proper preparation. Ikeda highlighted numerous practical elements that remain unresolved across the industry, including standards for cryptocurrency custody, security protocols, customer information handling procedures, and clear delineation of responsibility in the event of incidents like theft or exchange failures. He emphasized that resolving these fundamental issues is essential before cryptocurrencies can transition from standalone speculative assets to integral components of corporate balance sheets and institutional portfolios. Rather than viewing 2026 as a finish line, Ikeda characterized it as the starting point of an evolutionary process that will gradually reshape Japan’s financial services sector, bringing digital assets into the mainstream through careful, deliberate integration rather than disruptive innovation. This measured approach reflects the Japanese financial industry’s broader philosophy of prioritizing stability, investor protection, and systemic resilience over the rapid product launches that characterize more aggressive markets.